A mother's love nine hundred years old

 A mother's love nine hundred years old

 

Maternal instinct of female spiders, found in a 9 billion-year-old piece of amber.

A mother's love for her children is eternal. And such behavior is seen more or less in all animals and humans. How long ago this maternal love came to animals, we cannot form any idea. But the specimens, often found in a fossilized state, reinforce the idea that this behavior of motherly affection and caring for her newborns goes back hundreds of years, when life in its simplest form inhabited the earth. Or at least, encased in the resin of a fossilized tree that is 99 million years old confirms this behavior. Some adult female spiders, now extinct, were discovered guarding their pre-hatched spiders in recently mined amber in Southeast Asia. According to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences that was conducted on amber samples from ancient trees discovered there.

The resin of the tree in which the spiders were found had hardened, permanently enclosing the arachnid mothers with their offspring in several tiny fragments. The discovery is considered the oldest evidence of maternal care in spiders, according to the journal.

Study co-researcher Paul Selden, a professor of geology at the University of Kansas, said the fossil record provided "physical evidence through these miniatures" of this maternal love that is now present in other arthropods but Records of this are rare, but we now have some evidence that this behavior is very ancient

"The female spider was holding an egg sac with tiny spiderlings inside — exactly the position you'd find female spiders protecting their eggs today," Seldon told Live Science journal. " "So, this is a really common female spider behavior that is captured in a moment by this fossilization process."

The fossilized spiders discovered belonged to the lagonomegopidae, a family of ancient spiders that are now extinct but can be recognized by a large pair of eyes on the front corners of their heads. According to Live Science, spiders as a species have a long history and first appeared in the Carboniferous period between 359 million and 299 million years ago.

One photo shows a large female spider with part of an egg sac underneath, suggesting maternal care. This sample, which was present in the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous period, spanning 145 million to 66 million years ago, gives an idea of the mutualistic behaviors found in such insects.

Other pieces of amber reveal a group of tiny spiders that had just hatched, including a female lagonomegopid spider protecting her egg sac from the damage of being trapped in tree resin. After the spiderlings hatched, they stayed together and were protected by their mother, as exemplified by the leg fragments of a female spider from a single piece of amber. He gave his life while protecting.

The results of the LiveScience report show that all these baby spiders lived in close proximity and were protected by their mothers as they hatched. But as resin flowed from the tree into their nest, the mother chose to stay with her young spiders and protect them, and as a result, stayed there until the end. , until she drowned in the resin along with her children and died. Later this sample of amber was preserved along with the tree and became fossilized.

"Care by any parent is an investment that increases the fitness of their offspring, often at the expense of the parent's survival and future reproduction," the study authors said. compels. Its evolution represents a breakthrough in the adaptation of animals to their environment. This behavior has important implications for the evolution of ecology and sociality. And it helps to understand new social behaviors. is, which is also common in our human society.

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#Where_have_they_gone_to_find SCIENCE STORIES

 Where did the Neanderthals go?

  

(Part I and II)

(first part)

Neanderthals were originally thought not to have developed language like humans, but simply to "talk" to each other by muttering. To modern humans (Homo sapiens) they were as "other" as wild animals. Their extinction was thought to have been caused by modern man's genocide in a war for control of resources. The popular BBC documentary series "BBC History of the World" also shows the last Neanderthal being speared to death by modern humans. However, the results of molecular biology and molecular genetics research in this regard are different and very interesting. A summary is provided.

In 2005, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania published their research on the FOXP2 gene. The relatively high rate of mutations in this gene was of interest to scientists. Moreover, defects in this gene cause defects in the power of speech, so the main role of this gene in the power of speech is certain. When the FOXP2 gene was removed from the DNA of experimental mice, not only their ability to produce sound was affected, but defects were also found in the structure of the brain. In the next step, scientists replaced the FOXP2 gene extracted from the DNA of mice by inserting the human FOXP2 gene. Not only did the mice's voice change, but changes were also seen in the circuits in their brain cells that are similar to humans. I am responsible for speech. When the human FOXP2 gene protein was compared to the corresponding chimpanzee protein, only two sites showed small changes. That is, these two changes are the reason for the presence of speech in humans and its absence in chimpanzees. In 2010, DNA was obtained from a Neanderthal fossil bone found in southern Siberia and its genome was sequenced. The genome is made up of DNA and contains all the genes of an organism and the elements that regulate those genes. When the Neanderthal FOXP2 gene was examined, the protein it produced was similar to that of modern humans. There was absolutely no difference between the two. If the protein is not different, then the brain circuits responsible for speech will not be different. This means that Neanderthals were not just wandering creatures. They could speak and had the ability to coexist with modern humans.

In modern humans, CBFA1 is a gene that, if mutated, causes a disease called cleidocranial dysplasia, which results in a protruding and prominent forehead, a jersey-like overall structure of the ribs, and Neanderthal-like shoulders. A change in the same gene has led to the obvious difference between modern humans and Neanderthals.

But why would modern humans have thought of Neanderthals as "other" when they looked not too different from modern humans and could even speak like modern humans? Why would their race be extinct? Where did the Neanderthals go?

Next post for the rest.

#Evolution_Stories

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Where did the Neanderthals go?

(second part)

In 2014, a team of American and German scientists published a report comparing the Thousand Genomes Project and Neanderthal genomes. Recall that the "Thousand Genome Project" was an international genetics project in which the genomes of 1,000 people from around the world were to be sequenced. However, due to the cheapness of the technology during the project, the costs were much lower than estimated and the genomes of 2400 people were sequenced instead of 1000 (96 of them were also from Pakistan). The results of this comparative research are very interesting. According to the report, Africans are the "most genetically pure" modern humans in the world. Between 2 and 3 percent (up to 4 percent, according to some researchers) of all human genomes outside of Africa contain fragments of Neanderthal DNA. If these "fragments" of Neanderthal DNA present in modern humans were collected, about 40 percent of the Neanderthal genome could still be recovered today. This simply means that Neanderthals and modern humans assimilated and had extensive sexual intercourse. In such a case, the possibility of any bloody genocide is negligible. According to population genetics experts, this peaceful coexistence between the two species lasted from about 65,000 years ago to 47,000 years ago. And over the next 15,000 years or so, the Neanderthals were extinct.

Thanks to genes inherited through sexual contact from Neanderthals, the skin of modern humans from Africa was able to withstand the cold climate of Europe. However, the genes for blood cholesterol, schizophrenia (commonly known as delusional disease), heart disease and, according to some scientists, blood sugar and smoking addiction also came from Neanderthals (not necessarily because Neanderthals smoked). A study of the genome of Neanderthals shows that they had a tendency to marry close relatives (cousin marriages). Maybe that's whyApart from the above-mentioned diseases, other diseases also accumulated in them with time. Are these diseases the cause of their extinction? maybe not. These diseases can be a cause but not the only cause.

Examining human DNA, genes expressed in the male reproductive organs (testes) contain almost no Neanderthal DNA. Which means their male reproductive organs were not as fertile as modern humans and lost out to modern human reproductive organs in "natural selection". Furthermore, modern humans have almost no Neanderthal DNA on their X chromosomes. Since the majority of genes that cause reproductive failure in organisms other than humans are found on the X chromosome, the absence of Neanderthal DNA on this human chromosome reinforces the idea that Neanderthals were less fertile. . This can be considered as one of the major reasons for the extinction of the Neanderthals.

Some scientists also believe that, due to living in isolation for almost two hundred thousand years, Neanderthals underwent genetic changes that were harmless to them but fatal to the hybrid species resulting from mixing with modern humans. In the language of genetics, such changes are called Dobzhansky-Müller incompatibilities (DMIs). Such changes have already been reported in various organisms. Therefore, the hybrid individuals who inherited the DNA with these changes from Neanderthals did not survive. could live while the descendants of people who inherited DNA related to modern humans remained. As a result, Neanderthals became extinct over time. However, there is a difference of opinion among scientists in this regard.

In addition, some scientists attribute the low resistance of Neanderthals to infectious diseases as a major reason for their extinction compared to modern humans. However, I leave this topic to those working on infectious diseases. Neanderthals, however, may not have gone extinct for any single reason. As new techniques and information become available over time, we will need to look back frequently. The main purpose of these two posts was to highlight the utility of molecular biology and genetics and the scientific method in the study of history. Hopefully, new questions will arise in your mind.

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TRAVLING OFF UNIVERSE Silent, mysterious

TRAVLING OFF UNIVERSE  

 

 Silent, mysterious, but often towards a space that looks very peaceful

I am filled with wonder and regret.

Yes, he wants to.

By getting rid of all earthly problems

Forget all relationships

Get lost in these spaces.

I keep moving star to star, galaxy to galaxy and cluster to cluster.

Be mindful of eating, I don't feel the need to sleep.

But what to do? Here, most of the desires become regrets with time.

And then they are left as a custard

Over the years, this desire of my cosmic journey has neither become a regret nor a whimper, but is becoming stronger day by day.

What should I say under the influence of this desire?

What worlds do I visit in my thoughts?

I jump into the black hole.

I suffer from inexplicable conditions

And then through the wormhole designed by the human mind, leaving the white hole, I sometimes see this galaxy and sometimes that universe in front of me.

By making these assumptions true, my mind makes me travel not only the universe but also the universes.

Believe it!!!!

I thought like this

What is the vision of mysterious worlds?

For which my mind supports me, neither my words are useful to me.

With the help of imagination penetrated even inside the atom

And saw the world

I have seen many worlds within this universe and beyond its borders.

Imagination in imagination

I saw civilizations around Cyrus, the brightest star in the sky

And I sensed life even near the faintest but most visible star, 61 Cygni AB.

I searched every galaxy

I collected one cluster

Keeping the observable universe in the corner of the mind, I also took the path of the multiverse

All sides seemed full of life to me.

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I am an astronomy lover, I am a merchant of the universe.

for this

I often express my feelings more anecdotally than scientifically.

Scientific and learned people should not consider my post as useless.

  Science also gives importance to fiction and fantasy

Almost every great scientific discovery or invention has been driven by a concept, a myth or an idea.

Someone presented an untouched idea or hypothesis and many minds were inspired to test it.

Seeing the birds, man got the idea of flying, which he finally made a reality.

There are so many discoveries in astronomy that remain an idea for years.

For example, black holes and gravitational waves.

.

And I am not the only one who embarks on such an imaginative journey.

How many space travelers are there on Earth who are deeply interested in the universe?

I believe that our virtual journeys will become real journeys, if not today, in the future

If not today, then tomorrow, human beings will first roam the universe and then the universes.

.

Hazrat Insan is so intelligent, fitin, colorful and fond of cooking imaginary pilaf.

What blooms in imagination and image

Guess for yourself from the pictures below

Wish for peace and stability Space traveller

 Wish for peace and stability!!!

Know that

In this vast and ever-expanding universe

Peace and independence anywhere

do not have ....

It is not possible for any celestial body to slow down, stop or turn back.

Look anywhere from the earth to the whole universe. There is no big or small scene that is calm, in which there is stability even for a moment.

If you look at the sky, the celestial bodies are changing their places and changing the scene

And beyond the limits of sight, how many riots have arisen like fate

From the deformation of stars, inflation, explosion, death and formation of new stars to the collision of planets, stars and galaxies, can you hope for any peace and prosperity????

And leave the spaces and look at the ground

Even on earth, you will get a change every time you change.

Apparently, even the mountain standing still for centuries is not calm, inside and outside of it, material destruction is going on.

The mountain is very big, even your small body is not calm

Blood circulation, breathing, building and breaking down of atoms, molecules and cells are going on and on whether you are waiting with your arms crossed or sleeping.

.

sleep

You are also a part of this universe

So why are you worried about the Chinese in your life and worried about the upcoming changes?

  According to the poet

Coins are impossible in the factory of nature

Stability is a change in time.

(Artist's concept: Billions of years later, when the Milky Way and Andromeda are close enough to collide, if the solar system is safe at that time and humans are saved from extinction, they will see this beautiful scene in the night sky.

Dimmest stars

 Dimmest stars

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The sun is the brightest and most luminous thing on the planet.

It also has the honor of being the closest star to the earth.

Although it is a low status on the cosmic level.

The Sun is brighter than 85% of the stars in the Milky Way.

The phase which Sun is passing through at this time is called Main Sequence phase.

Most of the stars in the universe are passing through this phase of their life.

The Sun is increasing its brightness by 1% every 10 million years.

With so many stars in the universe, it's not surprising that there are stars that are smaller, brighter, and fainter than the Sun.

For example, BETELGEUSE, which is in the constellation Orion, is 14,000 times brighter than the Sun.

and 61Cygni AB in the Cygnus constellation. It is the faintest star in the sky visible to the naked eye.

Magnitude scale is used to measure the brightness of stars.

It also has two types

1. Apparent magnitude

2. Absolute magnitude

.

1. Apparent magnitude: It depends on how bright the star appears from Earth.

This scale does not reflect the true brightness of the star.

Distance and interstellar dust directly affect the brightness of celestial bodies.

2. Absolute Magnitude: This scale measures the brightness of a celestial body at a fixed distance (which is 10 parsecs).

10 parsecs consists of 5.32 light years.

.

When amateur astronomers look at the sky, they only focus on how bright one celestial body is compared to another.

That is, they only consider the external intensity

And

Professional astronomers are interested in the true brightness of a star

That is, which of the two objects at the same distance appears brighter

In their view, absolute intensity is more important.

.

In this article we are studying stars whose absolute magnitude is less than that of the Sun and which are visible to the naked eye.

The stars whose absolute magnitude is less than that of the Sun are called faint stars

These stars are brown in color and much smaller than a normal star, so they are also called brown dwarfs.

When they are at their hottest, they look reddish-orange

And in a relatively cool condition, they are seen in a magenta color.

Brown dwarfs are also evidence that star formation does not always result in a conventional star.

Since brown dwarfs are not very large (but much larger than a planet), their cores are not hot enough to trigger nuclear fusion. Therefore, they are very difficult to detect even with the most sensitive telescopes.

They are detected in infrared wavelengths

But distinguishing them from other low-mass stars is still a difficult step.

.

The honor of the first discovered brown dwarf goes to Glaze 229b.

It was discovered in 1994 and its location in the constellation Lepus was confirmed in 1995.

Luhman 16A is the closest faint star to Earth (5.6 light-years away) of the Luhman 16 system in the constellation Vela.

The faintest known brown dwarf, 2mass jo9393548, is the 5th closest faint star, 17 light-years from Earth.

This star in the constellation Antlia is a million times dimmer than our Sun.

The Milky Way is a billion times fainter than the Sun in the visible spectrum, along with another brown dwarf.

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We can see 9000 stars with an apparent magnitude of 0.6 with the naked eye

The absolute magnitude of our Sun is 83.4, which means that after 10 parsecs, we will be able to see the Sun shining with an apparent magnitude of 83.4.

Interestingly, out of these 9000 stars, only 42 stars have an absolute magnitude less than the Sun.

And a star that is dimmer than the Sun must be very bright or very close to be visible with or without binoculars.

And there are quite a few stars within 10 prisms of Earth

Only 5% of the 9000 stars are within this distance.

Because

The remaining 95% of stars are far from this limit and are still visible, so it is obvious that they are brighter than the Sun.

..

The 10 faintest stars in the night sky are those less bright than the Sun in absolute magnitude and brighter than 5.6 in apparent magnitude.

Can be seen with the naked eye

No

Name

Constellation

Coordinates

(RA/Dec)

Magnitude

Significance

1

Epsilon Eridani

Eridanus

03h 32m 56s 09° 27′ 30″

App: 3.7

Abs: 6.2

The third faintest star closest to Earth

  ..

2

61 Cygni AB

Cygnus

21h 06m 55s

+38° 44′ 41″

App: 4.8

Abs: 8.3

The faintest star visible to the naked eye with absolute magnitude

.

3

Epsilon Indi

Indus

22h 03m 22s

-56° 47′ 10″

App: 4.8

Abs: 6.9

A faint orange star surrounded by two brown dwarfs that are themselves very dim

.

4

Tau Ceti

Cetus

01h 44m 04s -15° 56′ 15″

App: 3.5

Abs: 5.7

The brightest of the dim stars, resembling the Sun in its spectrum

and is less luminous than the Sun in absolute magnitude

.

5

85 Pegasi

Pegasus

00h 02m 10s

+27° 04′ 56″

App: 6.4

Abs: 5.3

Very dark and visible to the naked eye in clear weather (free from light and air pollution).

.

.

6

Sigma Draconis

Draco

19h 32m 22s

+69° 39′ 40”

App: 4.7

Abs: 5.9

Despite being less bright than the Sun, it looks surprisingly bright

.

7

70 Ophiuchi

Ophiuchus

18h 05m 27s

02° 29′ 00”

App: 6.1

Abs: 5.5

A variable but very faint star visible to the naked eye on a very dark night.

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